6^th International Eye and Vision Congress February 02-03, 2023 Barcelona, Spain

Neuro-ophthalmology is a union of neurology and ophthalmology. The nero-ophthalmologist is in responsible for the treatment and diagnosis of intricate systemic nervous diseases that affect, eye movements, arrangement, vision and pupillary reflexes. Eye diseases treated by a neuro-ophthalmologist.

• Squint or Strabismus
• Toxic or Nutritional optic neuropathy
• Papilledema
• Optic neuritis

Several eye diseases, and age related variations affect the eyes and adjacent structures. Internationally, 2.2 billion individuals are facing eye diseases and visual impairment. Reduction in pupil size and the damage of accommodation or concentrating capability are the most important changes observed. Ocular diseases can even rise from sexually transmitted diseases such as herpes and genital warts. Worldwide, the leading reasons of vision impairment are:

• Uncorrected refractive errors
• Age-related macular degeneration
• Glaucoma
• Cataract
• Trachoma
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Corneal opacity
• Thyroid eye diseases
• Autoimmune diseases
• Genetic eye diseases
• Ocular autoimmune diseases

A Pediatric ophthalmologists effort on the improving the vision and to treat various diseases that disturb visual growth in children. Pediatric ophthalmologists are specially proficient to manage the disorders like: Conjunctivitis, Strabismus, Amblyopia, Blocked tear ducts, Ptosis, Retinopathy of prematurity, nystagmus, Visual inattention, Congenital malformations, Pediatric cataracts, Pediatric glaucoma, Genetic disorders, Orbital tumours. The Geriatric ophthalmology compacts with general and ocular functional changes that occur due to aged, clinical method in geriatric patients, common geriatric ocular diseases, spectacle dispensing aspects in ageing patients and pharmacological features of ageing.

• Childhood malignancies
• Conjunctivitis
• Nystagmus
• Blepharitis
• Entropion/Ectropion
• Pterygium
• Amblyopia
• Corneal ulcer or keratitis
• Corneal degeneration
• Corneal dystrophy

Veterinary vision is an ophthalmic repetition given that attention for animal’s eye vision. The veterinarians take care of cats, dogs and other small animals including rabbits, chinchillas, birds and reptiles, horses and other farm animals. Some veterinary eye diseases are:

• Entropion
• Corneal ulcer
• Corneal dystrophy
• Glaucoma
• Retinal detachment

The eye is a subtle and fragile matter and each part of an eye utility in its own way to uphold its normal vision.  The clear part of the eye that includes the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber is cornea. Concerns such as corneal ulceration, epithelial keratitis & drug-induced epithelial keratitis, recurrent corneal erosion, corneal regeneration, and miscellaneous corneal disorders can distract the cornea and finally lead to peripheral eye disease that might end up with permanent blindness. Consequently, examination of corneal disease is approved out to mitigate the disease, and approaches like contact lenses & vision correction are also used to cure vision-related problems. A clinical procedure like corneal transplantation is used to transplant the cornea.

• Corneal ulceration
• Corneal transplantation
• Corneal anaplastology (prosthesis)
• Corneal neovascularization
• Corneal degeneration

Retina is a small film of tissue inside back frame of your eye. It encompasses a huge total of light-delicate cells and other nerve cells that obtain and put together visual data. Retina sends this information to the cerebrum through the optic nerve, authorizing to see.  The principal zone of the retina includes of a vastly thick shading subtle photoreceptor cells called cones which are liable of shading vision and thus any abnormality and modification in the focal area of the retina can lead to colour vision imperfections. Disorders like retinal tumors, diabetic retinopathy and other specific eye disease can likewise be responsible of the lasting vision malformation. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disease that origins loss of focal vision.

• Retinal vasculitis
• Retinal tumors
• Retinal transplant
•  Retinal detachment
• Retinopathy of prematurity ophthalmologic approach
• Retina and retinal Surgery

Glaucoma is a disorder wherever the optic nerve is injured due to an rise in the intraocular pressure. The pathophysiology of glaucoma is said that the intraocular pressure in the eye upsurges if there is no proper trabecular discharge of aqueous humor. There are two kinds of glaucoma: Primary open-angle glaucoma (no proper drainage of eye fluids), Angle-closure glaucoma (iris is very close to drainage angle). Various glaucoma surgery practises are:

• Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT)
• Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT)
• Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI)
• Cyclophotocoagulation
• Trabeculectomy
• Drainage implant surgery and Electrocautery

The incapability to see the shading is called color blindness, but is not a kind of blindness by any means. With this vision difficult, one experience issues in identifying certain shades. Visual impairment all the more exactly, shading vision absence is an acquired disorder that impacts usually males more than female’s Red-green shading non-appearance is the most well-known sort of visual impairment. Nyctalopia is also known as “Night Blindness” and is a kind of vision impairment. Individuals with night blindness face trouble seeing or driving in dimness. A few kinds of night blindness are treatable, and some kinds are not treatable. One must go to professional to decide the elementary reason for vision impairment.

Malignant melanoma rises most usually in adults aged 60 to 65 years. It happens due to the unrestrained growth of cells called melanocytes. Ocular oncology is trans disciplinary which comprises, pediatric oncologists, general oncologists, specialist nurses, clinical scientists, and many others. The most usually witnessed malignancies are uveal and conjunctivitis melanoma, uveal metastasis, intraocular, conjunctiva carcinoma, and conjunctiva lymphoma. Diagnosis is established on bio microscopy, angiography, optical coherence tomography, ultrasonography auto fluorescence imaging, and biopsy.

• Anisocoria
• Lagophthalmos
• Night blindness
• Uveitis
• Macular degeneration
• Heterochromia iridis
• Hyphema
• Aniridia
• Iridodialysis

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) rises when high pressure round the brain causes indications like vision changes, headaches, optic atrophy, and eventually points to blindness. The leading cause for this hypertension is unidentified. IIH occurs when the fluid around the brain and spinal cord accumulates in the skull. This builds up additional pressure on the brain and injuries the optic nerve. It is a rare disorder which usually is seen in children and obese women during their pregnancy. It is partly known as pseudotumor cerebri (false brain tumor) as the symptoms closely resemble a brain tumor.

• Ocular motility disturbances
• Degree of papilledema
• Olfactory dysfunction in patients with IIH
• Eyestrain

Corona virus RNA has been recognized in tears of the infected patients and investigation suggest that the ocular superficial may serve as a gateway for entry of virus and serves as a reservoir for viral transmission. Few COVID-19 patients conveyed ocular surface manifestations. The most often reported ocular presentations of SARS-CoV-2 were:

• Follicular conjunctivitis
• Ocular pain
• Redness
• Discharge

Nutrition has a great role on eye health, protects eyes from harmful light, and reduces the development of age-related degenerative diseases. They help to prevent cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Research proposes that antioxidants in food may reduce the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration. Specific antioxidants are used for specific conditions like vitamin A for blindness, vitamin C for glaucoma, Omega-3 essential fatty acids protects from alleviating symptoms of dry eye syndrome and guarding against macular damage.  The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is the normal daily dietary intake level of a nutrient satisfactory to meet the requirements of body.

• Beta–carotene
• Bioflavonoids (Flavonoids)
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids
• Selenium
• Vitamin A, C, D, E
• Zinc

Ophthalmic surgery also known as ocular surgery is performed in the eye to treat a disorder or an ailment by an ophthalmologist. There are many types of eye surgeries which comprises of corrective surgery-which is done to correct or treat a disorder. Phacoemulsification is a cataract surgery in which the internal lens in the eye is adjusted. Glaucoma surgery is done to reduce the excess intraocular fluid pressure. Orbital surgery is specifically considered with the eyelids or orbit and the lacrimal system.

• Orbital decompression Surgery
• Tear duct Surgery
• Refractive Surgery
• Vision Correction Surgery
• Retinal Replacement Surgery
• Retinal Detachment Surgery
• Cataract Surgery
• Plastic Surgery
• Glaucoma Surgery
• Strabismus Surgery
• Oculoplastic Surgery
• Diabetic Retinopathy Surgery

Biomedical research is a subdivision of science useful to categorize ways to prevent and treat diseases that responsible for illness and death in animals and human beings. Biomedical researchers study biological processes and diseases using biotechnological techniques to prevent and treat diseases effectively. Invention of new medicines and therapies need careful scientific experimentation, development, and evaluation. Biomedical research comprises:

• Study of specific diseases and conditions
• Design of methods, drugs and devices used to diagnose diseases.
• To support and maintain the individual during and after treatment for specific diseases or conditions

It is estimated that about 25% of the population is affected by allergic conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is a common ocular inflammatory infection triggered by exposure to allergen, bacteria, and virus.  Inflammation of the conjunctiva, a tissue that keeps the eyelid and eyeball moist leads to conjunctivitis. Allergic symptoms arise because of over-reactivity of the immune system that activates mast cells and in turn, causes histamine release.  Some allergic conjunctivitis are: Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, Perennial allergic conjunctivitis, Vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Contact hypersensitivity reactions, Giant papillary conjunctivitis, Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. For severe cases of some allergic conjunctivitis surgical intervention may be indicated. Allergic conjunctivitis can be treated with medications like:

• Topical antihistamines
• Mast cell stabilizers
• Non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Corticosteroids

Human eye is protected by a unique anatomy and physiology. Therefore, it minimizes the transport of medication by traditional dosage forms to the eye and the therapeutic concentrations of drugs might not be maintained for long duration of time. Development of ocular drug delivery systems helped to place the medication on the anterior segment of the eye, and treat ocular infections for a prolonged period. Various biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymer intravitreal implants, have been widely investigated for the treatment of chronic vitreoretinal diseases. In the treatment of chronic diseases, the dosing frequency can be reduced by developing ocular drug delivery systems which provide controlled release of medication.

• Liposomes
• Niosomes
• Nanoparticles
• Iontophorosis
• Corneal shields
• Inserts
• Drug embedded contact lenses
• In-situ gel
• Ocular wafers and films

Eye or ocular surgeries are performed on eye by ophthalmologist. Several ancient texts dating back as early as 1800 BC mentioned about eye surgery, with cataract treatment starting within the fifth century. Today various advanced eye surgery procedures are available to treat eye problems. Laser eye surgeries are also called as vision correction surgeries generally performed to fix the vision problems. Most eye surgeries are performed to reshape the cornea. Visions correcting surgical procedures are used to correct vision in far sited (hyperopia) or near sighted (myopia) or in people with astigmatism. Various refractive procedures include:

• LASIK
• SMILE
• Surface Laser Treatments (PRK, LASEK and TransPRK)

Diagnostic and therapeutic equipment help to diagnose and treat a disease. Ophthalmic instruments are developed to prevent eye damage, injuries. A modern-day optometry practice use innovative techniques, that delivers the best quality service and provide customer satisfaction.

• Tonometer and Types
• Phoropter
• Ophthalmoscope
• Ophthalmic Refraction Unit
• Keratometer
• A-Scan Biometer

Throughout the average day we are constrained to multiple digital devices and screens, like cell phones, tablets, computers, and television screens.  It seems like we should avoid regular watching of some piece of technology that literally surrounds us. Some studies showed that people are spending more than half of their day using technology, while others have disclosed that their technology usage consumes 10-12 hours of time in a day.  Some common effects that technology can show on eye health due to persistent use of devices and screens throughout the day are:

• Headaches and Migraines
• Computer Vision Syndrome
• Retina Damage
• Less Blinking
• Closer Focus
• Uncomfortable Angles