At the point when light enters the eye it is bowed, or refracted, by the cornea and the point of convergence is the back of the eye. In the event that the state of the eye, the state of the cornea, or the state of the focal point causes the light to refract shamefully with the goal that it doesn't concentrate on the back of the eye as it ought to, the condition is known as a Refractive Disorder. Refractive Disorders are among the most well-known vision issues.

• Conductive Keratoplasty Hyperopia and Presbyopia
• Clear Lens Extraction Myopia
• Conductive Keratoplasty Hyperopia and Presbyopia
• Intracorneal Ring Segments
• LASER
• LASIK Astigmatism
• LASIK Future Advances
• LASIK Hyperopia
• LASIK Myopia
• Phakic IOL Hyperopia
• Phakic IOL Myopia
• PRK Astigmatism

Neuro-ophthalmology concentrates on infections of the sensory system that influence vision, control of eye developments, or pupillary reflexes. Neuro-ophthalmologists frequently see patients with complex multi-framework infection and "zebras" are not remarkable. Neuro-ophthalmologists are regularly dynamic educators in their scholastic organization, and the initial four victors of the prestigious Straatsma American Academy of Ophthalmology showing honors were neuro-ophthalmologists.[4] Most neuro-ophthalmologists are energetic about their control and report high employment fulfilment, expressing that they think the field keeps on being both captivating and testing. Neuro-ophthalmology is generally non-procedural, be that as it may, neuro-ophthalmologists might be prepared to perform eye muscle surgery to treat grown-up strabismus, optic nerve fenestration for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and botulinum infusions for blepharospasm or hemi facial fit.

Neuro-ophthalmologists deal with visual issues that are identified with the sensory system; that is, visual issues that don't originate from the eyes themselves. We utilize half of the cerebrum for vision-related exercises, including sight and moving the eyes. Neuro-ophthalmology, a subspecialty of both neurology and ophthalmology, requires particular preparing and ability in issues of the eye, mind, nerves and muscles. Neuro-ophthalmologists complete no less than 5 years of clinical preparing after therapeutic school and are typically board confirmed in Neurology, Ophthalmology, or both.

• Retrochiasmatic visual pathways
• Myasthenia gravis
• Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
• Cerebromacular degeneration
• Neonatal ocular examination
• Diagnostic tools in neuro-ophthalmology
• Optic nerve head anomalies
• Application of diagnostic tools in Neuro-ophthalmology

Ophthalmology management is focused on providing accurate information on Glaucoma, Cataracts, refractive surgery, diagnostics and practice managements.

• Scope of Ophthalmology
• Glaucoma: Visual Field Loss
• Retina and Retinal Disorders
• Cataract
• Diabetes and age-related maculopathy
• Alternative and Complementary medicine
• Latest & Novel Techniques in Ophthalmology
• Clinical trials in Ophthalmology
• Corneal Surgery and transplants

Optometry is a social insurance calling that practices on the eyes and related structures, and vision, visual frameworks, and vision data handling in people. Optometrists (otherwise called Doctors of Optometry or Ophthalmic Opticians relying upon the nation) are prepared to endorse and fit focal points to enhance vision, and in a few nations are prepared to analyze and treat different eye sicknesses. Optometric doctors and optometry-related associations communicate with legislative offices, other social insurance experts, and the group to convey eye-and vision-care.

A contact focal point is a therapeutic gadget. Since the focal point reaches the eye, an exact fit is fundamental. An intensive assessment and fitting is expected to safeguard a solid contact focal point fit. Numerous styles of focal points are accessible. Contact lenses may likewise be prescribed by ophthalmologists as therapeutically essential in extraordinary occurrences when contact focal points accomplish the best visual potential that eyeglasses can't convey. This might be because of an unpredictable corneal surface, for example, in keratoconus, corneal injury, and post-surgical anomaly.

• Diagnosis and Assessment of Keratoconus
• Contact Lens related conditions in Cornea
• Ocular pathologies related to contact lens use
• Soft Contact Lens
• Orthokeratology Lenses and Contact Fitting
• Devices used in optometry
• Low vision
• Optometry instruments
• Ocular mobility

Genetic ophthalmic ailment is one of the main sources of visual deficiency and incorporates issue influencing all structures of the eye from the foremost to back portion, for example, albinism, corneal dystrophy, aniridia, essential glaucoma, pediatric waterfalls, retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt sickness, and innate optic neuropathy. Many systemic hereditary maladies and disorders, for example, Marfan disorder, neurofibromatosis, mitochondrial clutters, and chromosomal variation from the norm disorders have noteworthy visual pathology. Whilst uncommon separately, together these scatters are a critical reason for visual impairment and visual impedance. They are especially essential in youngsters and present a huge weight in the working populace. It is evaluated that every year around 150 youngsters and 250 grown-ups of working age are recently analyzed as visually impaired or somewhat located, as an aftereffect of a hereditary disorder.2 In Oman, visual incapacity because of wholesome and transmittable eye maladies has declined and the extent of visual impairment because of ailments of back section of the eye (diabetic retinopathy); in any case, glaucoma and hereditary issue have increased.3 Childhood visual impairment remains a test with inherited issue representing extreme visual hindrance/visual deficiency in 33% of all children.

• Ophthalmic Gene therapy
• Therapeutics for Eye Disorder
• Biomarkers in Ophthalmic disorders
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Nystagmus
• Corneal Dystrophy
• Keratoconus
• Stargardt Disease
• Colour Blindness
• Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia
• Genetics of Coats Disease

In internuclear ophthalmoplegia, the nerve strands that directs both eyes in flat developments—looking from side to side—are harmed. These strands interface accumulations of nerve cells (focuses or cores) that begin from the third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve), the fourth cranial nerve (trochlear nerve), and the sixth cranial nerve (abducens nerve). Level eye developments are hindered, however vertical eye developments are definitely not. The influenced eye can't turn internal, however it can turn outward. At the point when a man looks to the side inverse the influenced eye, the influenced eye, which ought to turn internal, can't move past the midline. That is, the influenced eye looks straight ahead.

As the other eye turns outward, it frequently makes automatic, monotonous rippling developments called nystagmus That is, the eye quickly moves in one course, then gradually floats in the other bearing. Individuals with internuclear ophthalmoplegia may have twofold vision. One-and-a-half disorder results when the confusion that causes internuclear ophthalmoplegia additionally harms the inside that directions and controls flat eye developments (level look focus). At the point when the individual tries to look to either side, the influenced eye stays still in the center. The other eye can turn outward yet not internal. As in internuclear ophthalmoplegia, vertical eye developments are not influenced.

• INO causes
• Bilateral INO
• INO Stroke
• INO Multiple Sclerosis
• Imaging of INO

Ocular Oncology includes Tumors of the eyelids, Conjunctiva, Cornea, Orbit, Intraocular structures, similar to Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid, Retina, Optic plate. Eye neoplasms can influence all parts of the eye, and can be an amiable tumor or a dangerous tumor (malignancy). Eye growths can be essential (begins inside the eye) or metastatic disease (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most basic growths that spread to the eye from another organ are bosom disease and lung tumor. Different less regular locales of starting point incorporate the prostate, kidney, thyroid, skin, colon and blood or bone marrow.

• Tumors of eyelids
• Eyelid lumps and bumps
• Diagnosis and treatment
• Retinoblastoma and neoplasms
• Melanoma in eye
• Psychological needs and Communication for Eye cancer patients

Ocular Pharmacology is the study and utilization of medications to both analyze and treat ailments of the eye. There are different microbial maladies of the eye like Fungal contaminations of the cornea, which are uncommon yet may happen after agrarian wounds or in hot and moist atmospheres, orbital mycosis is even rarer, and for the most part happens after spread from the paranasal sinuses. Expanding age, debility, or immunosuppression improves probability and seriousness of illness. Herpes simplex diseases delivering, for instance, dendritic corneal ulcers can be treated with acyclovir or ganciclovir and so on. Ocular pharmacology by and large includes the utilization of different visual medications through different courses for treating the eye illnesses

• Pharmacologic Principles
• Drugs and the Eye
• Ocular Medication (Eye drops, Ointments, Ocular injections etc.)
• Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
• Agonists and Blockers in Ophthalmology

Pediatric ophthalmologists concentrate on the improvement of the visual framework and the different ailments that disturb visual advancement in kids. Pediatric ophthalmologists additionally have mastery in dealing with the different visual infections that influence kids. Pediatric ophthalmologists are qualified to perform complex eye surgery and additionally to deal with youngsters' eye issues utilizing glasses and solutions. Numerous ophthalmologists and different doctors allude pediatric patients to a pediatric ophthalmologist for examination and administration of visual issues because of youngsters' exceptional needs. Notwithstanding kids with evident vision issues, kids with head turns, head tilts, squinting of the eyes, or favored head stances (torticollis) are ordinarily alluded to a pediatric ophthalmologist for assessment. Pediatric ophthalmologists normally additionally oversee grown-ups with eye development issue, (for example, nystagmus or strabismus) because of their nature with strabismus conditions.

• Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility
• Cataract and refractive error in children
• Paediatric eye conditions such as myopia and squints
• Trauma management
• Symptoms and signs of eye problem in Children and infants

Eye supplements are wholesome items that contain vitamins and different supplements that examination has appeared to be valuable for keeping up eye wellbeing and great vision. As their name proposes, eye supplements are intended to add to, not supplant, supplements you get from a stimulating eating regimen. Taking dietary supplements can't totally compensate for genuine wholesome weaknesses of a terrible eating routine and an excessive amount of garbage sustenance, which are connected with numerous genuine wellbeing issues, including vision misfortune. Healthful opthalmology for the most part includes the impacts of nourishment in the working of an eye. It generally deals with the critical full scale and the miniaturized scale nuitrients that can assume a noteworthy part in elimination of visual issues.

• Ocular Nutritional Supplementation
• Effects of Nutrition on Eye
• Effects of Nutrition on Eye
• Carotenoids in eye functioning & protection
• Proteins in Eye development
• Vitamins as treatments for eye disorders
• Macular Pigments and its contribution to Vision

Oculoplastic and lacrimal surgery is a sub-strength of ophthalmology which concentrates on disarranges of the eyelids, tear-seepage framework and the bones behind the eye, generally known as the circle. Oculoplastic surgery likewise incorporates restorative surgery of the eyes. Regular issues that require Oculoplastic, lacrimal or orbital surgery include: Facial breaks and wounds, Tumors, Droopy eyelids, Blocked tear pipes, Skin malignancy, Birth deformations, Thyroid eye disease,Excessive watering of the eye.

• All molecular diseases
• Eye and Orbit Ultrasounds
• Apraxia
• Clinical cases with practical pearls
• Eyelid and Lacrimal disorders
• Surgical procedures
• Innovations in Oculoplastic & Lacrimal Surgery

Ocular immunology is a very particular branch of drug gave to diagnosing and treating patients with incendiary eye illnesses. These illnesses can somewhat diminish vision or lead to serious vision misfortune.Ophthalmologists utilize the general term, uveitis, when alluding to the scope of provocative sicknesses that influence the uvea. What's more, uveitis is utilized to portray any incendiary illness that produces swelling and demolishes eye tissues, including inside the retina. It's regularly connected with systemic maladies, for example, rheumatoid joint pain. Anatomically, uveitis is arranged into front, halfway, back, and panuveitic shapes, contingent upon which part of the eye is influenced.

• Treatment for inflammatory eye disease
• Blindness and Uveitis
• Stem cells in Ocular Diseases
• Diagnosis, treatment and outcome

This area for generally focuses in providing informations on different indicative and imaging instruments that are utilized, the most recent advancements and the novel systems that are taken after to improve the finding and medicinal imaging of different visual ailments.

• Electrophysiology
• Color Fundus Photography
• Slitlamp Biomicroscopy
• Angiography and its application
• Optical Coherence Tomography
• Operating Room Photography
• Imaging through Ocular and Orbital Ecography
• Nasal endoscopy and its Usage